Pepper Species Compatibility Guide

Crossing Potential, Barriers, and Compatibility Between Capsicum Species

1. Introduction

Understanding cross-compatibility between pepper species is vital for breeding, hybridization, and genetic conservation. While some Capsicum species cross readily, others are reproductively isolated by genetics, ploidy differences, floral structure, or environmental incompatibility. This guide outlines known and likely compatibility among major and minor species.

2. Domesticated Species Overview

– Capsicum annuum: Widely cultivated, good general crossability.
– Capsicum chinense: High heat species, moderately cross-compatible.
– Capsicum frutescens: Compact growth, moderate cross potential.
– Capsicum baccatum: Distinctive flavor, often incompatible with annuum/chinense.
– Capsicum pubescens: Thick-walled, cool-tolerant, highly incompatible with other species due to chromosome count (2n=24).

3. Interspecific Cross Compatibility Table

| Species A       | Species B       | Compatibility       | Notes |
|—————–|—————–|———————|——-|
| C. annuum     | C. chinense   | Moderate            | Requires manual pollination; some sterile F1s. |
| C. annuum     | C. frutescens | High                | Freely crosses; often used in breeding. |
| C. annuum     | C. baccatum   | Low                 | Embryo rescue sometimes needed. |
| C. annuum     | C. pubescens  | Very Low            | Rare reports; mostly unsuccessful. |
| C. chinense   | C. frutescens | High                | Easy hybridization. |
| C. chinense   | C. baccatum   | Low                 | Possible with embryo rescue or bridge crosses. |
| C. chinense   | C. pubescens  | Very Low            | Chromosome mismatch. |
| C. baccatum   | C. pubescens  | Very Low            | Rare, unstable hybrids only. |
| C. baccatum   | C. frutescens | Low to Moderate     | Occasional reports. |
| C. pubescens  | C. pubescens  | High                | Intraspecific breeding viable. |

4. Notes on Hybridization Techniques

– Manual pollination often required; isolate flowers before anthesis.
– Embryo rescue involves growing early-stage seeds on nutrient medium.
– F1 hybrids may be sterile or show hybrid breakdown in F2 generations.
– Cross success depends on genotype as well as species.

5. Compatibility Among Wild Species

– C. chacoense: May cross with C. baccatum, C. eximium.
– C. eximium: Compatible with C. cardenasii, C. tovarii, and possibly C. pubescens.
– C. flexuosum, C. praetermissum, C. friburgense: Poor compatibility with cultivated types but crosses among themselves reported.
– C. galapagoense: May cross with C. annuum or C. chinense in rare cases.
– Wild species compatibility often follows phylogenetic clades (Annuum, Baccatum, Pubescens lineages).

6. Breeding Considerations

– Select for F1 fertility, vigor, and trait inheritance.
– Many interspecific crosses require backcrossing to stabilize desired traits.
– Use bridge species (C. frutescens) to connect otherwise incompatible types.
– Genetic distance, flower timing, and morphology all impact success.

7. Summary

Most compatibility occurs within major lineages: Annuum–Chinense–Frutescens and Baccatum-related species. Capsicum pubescens is notably isolated. Hybridizing between groups often requires tissue culture, embryo rescue, or advanced breeding methods.