Exploring the Genetic and Ecological Landscape of Uncultivated Capsicum Species

1. Introduction

Wild peppers (wild *Capsicum* species) represent the untamed genetic reservoir of the genus. They are crucial for breeding, climate adaptation, disease resistance, and understanding domestication. Yet many remain poorly described, uncollected, or misunderstood. This overview summarizes what we know—and what we don’t—about these species.

2. Number and Distribution of Wild Species

– Estimates suggest **30–45 wild Capsicum species**, many recently identified or reclassified.
– Native to Central and South America; range spans from Mexico to Argentina, including the Galápagos Islands.
– Key biodiversity hotspots:
– Bolivia (center of diversity)
– Peru, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, and northern Argentina
– Galápagos Islands (*C. galapagoense*)
– Many wild types are adapted to high altitude, dense canopy, or drought-prone regions.

3. Recognized Wild Species (Selected Examples)

– *Capsicum chacoense*: heat-tolerant, tiny upright pods, northern Argentina/Paraguay
– *Capsicum eximium*: purple flowers, potential compatibility with pubescens group
– *Capsicum cardenasii*: frost-resistant, used in research
– *Capsicum tovarii*: rare, Peru; possible wild relative of *C. baccatum*
– *Capsicum rhomboideum*: non-pungent, basal lineage of Capsicum
– *Capsicum galapagoense*: dwarf, endemic, threatened
– *Capsicum flexuosum*, *C. friburgense*, *C. mirabile*, *C. parvifolium*, etc.—all understudied

4. Traits of Interest

– Wild types often possess:
– Disease and pest resistance
– Abiotic stress tolerance (drought, salinity, cold)
– Compact or unusual growth habits
– Novel flower morphologies
– Rare or unknown capsaicinoid profiles
– Some may not express heat (non-pungent ancestors like *C. rhomboideum*)

5. What We Don’t Know

– Many wild species lack:
– Complete genome sequencing
– Verified accessions in genebanks
– Accurate morphological descriptions
– Pollination biology or reproductive data
– Unknowns include:
– True species boundaries (many synonyms or lumping errors)
– Hybridization potential with domestic species
– True conservation status (many are endangered or unlisted)
– Allelic richness and trait stability under cultivation

6. Challenges in Research

– Remote habitats make collection difficult.
– Many wild species are rare, endangered, or protected.
– Germination is slow and variable—some require scarification or special soil biomes.
– Cross-pollination with cultivated types threatens wild gene pools.
– Funding for non-commercial Capsicum research is limited.

7. Conservation and Access

– Many species are underrepresented in global seed banks.
– CGN, USDA GRIN, IPK Gatersleben, and EMBRAPA hold limited wild collections.
– Some collections are kept by institutions in Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia.
– In-situ conservation is rare but needed—especially for *C. galapagoense*, *C. tovarii*, and others.

8. Key Resources and References

– Bioversity International Capsicum Descriptors: [https://www.bioversityinternational.org](https://www.bioversityinternational.org)
– USDA GRIN Capsicum Database: [https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov](https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov)
– CGN Capsicum Accessions: [https://cgngenis.wur.nl](https://cgngenis.wur.nl)
– IPK Gatersleben: [https://gbis.ipk-gatersleben.de](https://gbis.ipk-gatersleben.de)
– Carrizo García et al. (2016). “Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers.” *Annals of Botany.*

9. Summary

Wild Capsicum species remain the least explored frontier in pepper science. Their value for breeding, climate resilience, and cultural preservation is enormous—but time is running out to collect, study, and protect them. Bridging the knowledge gap will require collaboration between local collectors, seed banks, academic institutions, and citizen growers.